#include <cstdio>
#include <ctime>
#include <cmath>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>

#include "vtr_assert.h"
#include "vtr_util.h"
#include "vtr_log.h"
#include "vtr_digest.h"
#include "vtr_memory.h"

#include "vpr_types.h"
#include "vpr_error.h"
#include "vpr_utils.h"

#include "stats.h"
#include "globals.h"
#include "route_export.h"
#include "route_common.h"
#include "route_tree_timing.h"
#include "route_timing.h"
#include "route_breadth_first.h"
#include "place_and_route.h"
#include "rr_graph.h"
#include "rr_graph2.h"
#include "read_xml_arch_file.h"
#include "draw.h"
#include "echo_files.h"

#include "route_profiling.h"

#include "timing_util.h"
#include "RoutingDelayCalculator.h"
#include "timing_info.h"
#include "tatum/echo_writer.hpp"

/**************** Types local to route_common.c ******************/
struct t_trace_branch {
    t_trace* head;
    t_trace* tail;
};

/**************** Static variables local to route_common.c ******************/

static t_heap** heap; /* Indexed from [1..heap_size] */
static int heap_size; /* Number of slots in the heap array */
static int heap_tail; /* Index of first unused slot in the heap array */

/* For managing my own list of currently free heap data structures.     */
static t_heap* heap_free_head = nullptr;
/* For keeping track of the sudo malloc memory for the heap*/
static vtr::t_chunk heap_ch;

/* For managing my own list of currently free trace data structures.    */
static t_trace* trace_free_head = nullptr;
/* For keeping track of the sudo malloc memory for the trace*/
static vtr::t_chunk trace_ch;

static int num_trace_allocated = 0; /* To watch for memory leaks. */
static int num_heap_allocated = 0;
static int num_linked_f_pointer_allocated = 0;

/*  The numbering relation between the channels and clbs is:				*
 *																	        *
 *  |    IO     | chan_   |   CLB     | chan_   |   CLB     |               *
 *  |grid[0][2] | y[0][2] |grid[1][2] | y[1][2] | grid[2][2]|               *
 *  +-----------+         +-----------+         +-----------+               *
 *                                                            } capacity in *
 *   No channel           chan_x[1][1]          chan_x[2][1]  } chan_width  *
 *                                                            } _x[1]       *
 *  +-----------+         +-----------+         +-----------+               *
 *  |           |  chan_  |           |  chan_  |           |               *
 *  |    IO     | y[0][1] |   CLB     | y[1][1] |   CLB     |               *
 *  |grid[0][1] |         |grid[1][1] |         |grid[2][1] |               *
 *  |           |         |           |         |           |               *
 *  +-----------+         +-----------+         +-----------+               *
 *                                                            } capacity in *
 *                        chan_x[1][0]          chan_x[2][0]  } chan_width  *
 *                                                            } _x[0]       *
 *                        +-----------+         +-----------+               *
 *                 No     |           |	   No   |           |               *
 *               Channel  |    IO     | Channel |    IO     |               *
 *                        |grid[1][0] |         |grid[2][0] |               *
 *                        |           |         |           |               *
 *                        +-----------+         +-----------+               *
 *                                                                          *
 *               {=======}              {=======}                           *
 *              Capacity in            Capacity in                          *
 *            chan_width_y[0]        chan_width_y[1]                        *
 *                                                                          */

/******************** Subroutines local to route_common.c *******************/
static t_trace_branch traceback_branch(int node, std::unordered_set<int>& main_branch_visited);
static std::pair<t_trace*, t_trace*> add_trace_non_configurable(t_trace* head, t_trace* tail, int node, std::unordered_set<int>& visited);
static std::pair<t_trace*, t_trace*> add_trace_non_configurable_recurr(int node, std::unordered_set<int>& visited, int depth = 0);

static vtr::vector<ClusterNetId, std::vector<int>> load_net_rr_terminals(const t_rr_node_indices& L_rr_node_indices);
static vtr::vector<ClusterBlockId, std::vector<int>> load_rr_clb_sources(const t_rr_node_indices& L_rr_node_indices);

static t_clb_opins_used alloc_and_load_clb_opins_used_locally();
static void adjust_one_rr_occ_and_apcost(int inode, int add_or_sub, float pres_fac, float acc_fac);

bool validate_traceback_recurr(t_trace* trace, std::set<int>& seen_rr_nodes);
static bool validate_trace_nodes(t_trace* head, const std::unordered_set<int>& trace_nodes);
static float get_single_rr_cong_cost(int inode);

/************************** Subroutine definitions ***************************/

void save_routing(vtr::vector<ClusterNetId, t_trace*>& best_routing,
                  const t_clb_opins_used& clb_opins_used_locally,
                  t_clb_opins_used& saved_clb_opins_used_locally) {
    /* This routing frees any routing currently held in best routing,       *
     * then copies over the current routing (held in route_ctx.trace), and       *
     * finally sets route_ctx.trace_head and route_ctx.trace_tail to all NULLs so that the      *
     * connection to the saved routing is broken.  This is necessary so     *
     * that the next iteration of the router does not free the saved        *
     * routing elements.  Also saves any data about locally used clb_opins, *
     * since this is also part of the routing.                              */

    t_trace *tptr, *tempptr;

    auto& cluster_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.clustering();
    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.mutable_routing();

    for (auto net_id : cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.nets()) {
        /* Free any previously saved routing.  It is no longer best. */
        tptr = best_routing[net_id];
        while (tptr != nullptr) {
            tempptr = tptr->next;
            free_trace_data(tptr);
            tptr = tempptr;
        }

        /* Save a pointer to the current routing in best_routing. */
        best_routing[net_id] = route_ctx.trace[net_id].head;

        /* Set the current (working) routing to NULL so the current trace       *
         * elements won't be reused by the memory allocator.                    */

        route_ctx.trace[net_id].head = nullptr;
        route_ctx.trace[net_id].tail = nullptr;
        route_ctx.trace_nodes[net_id].clear();
    }

    /* Save which OPINs are locally used.                           */
    saved_clb_opins_used_locally = clb_opins_used_locally;
}

/* Deallocates any current routing in route_ctx.trace_head, and replaces it with    *
 * the routing in best_routing.  Best_routing is set to NULL to show that *
 * it no longer points to a valid routing.  NOTE:  route_ctx.trace_tail is not      *
 * restored -- it is set to all NULLs since it is only used in            *
 * update_traceback.  If you need route_ctx.trace_tail restored, modify this        *
 * routine.  Also restores the locally used opin data.                    */
void restore_routing(vtr::vector<ClusterNetId, t_trace*>& best_routing,
                     t_clb_opins_used& clb_opins_used_locally,
                     const t_clb_opins_used& saved_clb_opins_used_locally) {
    auto& cluster_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.clustering();
    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.mutable_routing();

    for (auto net_id : cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.nets()) {
        /* Free any current routing. */
        free_traceback(net_id);

        /* Set the current routing to the saved one. */
        route_ctx.trace[net_id].head = best_routing[net_id];
        best_routing[net_id] = nullptr; /* No stored routing. */
    }

    /* Restore which OPINs are locally used.                           */
    clb_opins_used_locally = saved_clb_opins_used_locally;
}

/* This routine finds a "magic cookie" for the routing and prints it.    *
 * Use this number as a routing serial number to ensure that programming *
 * changes do not break the router.                                      */
void get_serial_num() {
    int serial_num, inode;
    t_trace* tptr;

    auto& cluster_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.clustering();
    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.routing();
    auto& device_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.device();

    serial_num = 0;

    for (auto net_id : cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.nets()) {
        /* Global nets will have null trace_heads (never routed) so they *
         * are not included in the serial number calculation.            */

        tptr = route_ctx.trace[net_id].head;
        while (tptr != nullptr) {
            inode = tptr->index;
            serial_num += (size_t(net_id) + 1)
                          * (device_ctx.rr_nodes[inode].xlow() * (device_ctx.grid.width()) - device_ctx.rr_nodes[inode].yhigh());

            serial_num -= device_ctx.rr_nodes[inode].ptc_num() * (size_t(net_id) + 1) * 10;

            serial_num -= device_ctx.rr_nodes[inode].type() * (size_t(net_id) + 1) * 100;
            serial_num %= 2000000000; /* Prevent overflow */
            tptr = tptr->next;
        }
    }
    VTR_LOG("Serial number (magic cookie) for the routing is: %d\n", serial_num);
}

void try_graph(int width_fac, const t_router_opts& router_opts, t_det_routing_arch* det_routing_arch, std::vector<t_segment_inf>& segment_inf, t_chan_width_dist chan_width_dist, t_direct_inf* directs, int num_directs) {
    auto& device_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.mutable_device();

    t_graph_type graph_type;
    if (router_opts.route_type == GLOBAL) {
        graph_type = GRAPH_GLOBAL;
    } else {
        graph_type = (det_routing_arch->directionality == BI_DIRECTIONAL ? GRAPH_BIDIR : GRAPH_UNIDIR);
    }

    /* Set the channel widths */
    t_chan_width chan_width = init_chan(width_fac, chan_width_dist);

    /* Free any old routing graph, if one exists. */
    free_rr_graph();

    /* Set up the routing resource graph defined by this FPGA architecture. */
    int warning_count;
    create_rr_graph(graph_type,
                    device_ctx.physical_tile_types,
                    device_ctx.grid,
                    chan_width,
                    device_ctx.num_arch_switches,
                    det_routing_arch,
                    segment_inf,
                    router_opts.base_cost_type,
                    router_opts.trim_empty_channels,
                    router_opts.trim_obs_channels,
                    router_opts.clock_modeling,
                    directs, num_directs,
                    &warning_count);
}

bool try_route(int width_fac,
               const t_router_opts& router_opts,
               const t_analysis_opts& analysis_opts,
               t_det_routing_arch* det_routing_arch,
               std::vector<t_segment_inf>& segment_inf,
               vtr::vector<ClusterNetId, float*>& net_delay,
               std::shared_ptr<SetupHoldTimingInfo> timing_info,
               std::shared_ptr<RoutingDelayCalculator> delay_calc,
               t_chan_width_dist chan_width_dist,
               t_direct_inf* directs,
               int num_directs,
               ScreenUpdatePriority first_iteration_priority) {
    /* Attempts a routing via an iterated maze router algorithm.  Width_fac *
     * specifies the relative width of the channels, while the members of   *
     * router_opts determine the value of the costs assigned to routing     *
     * resource node, etc.  det_routing_arch describes the detailed routing *
     * architecture (connection and switch boxes) of the FPGA; it is used   *
     * only if a DETAILED routing has been selected.                        */

    auto& device_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.mutable_device();
    auto& cluster_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.clustering();

    t_graph_type graph_type;
    if (router_opts.route_type == GLOBAL) {
        graph_type = GRAPH_GLOBAL;
    } else {
        graph_type = (det_routing_arch->directionality == BI_DIRECTIONAL ? GRAPH_BIDIR : GRAPH_UNIDIR);
    }

    /* Set the channel widths */
    t_chan_width chan_width = init_chan(width_fac, chan_width_dist);

    /* Set up the routing resource graph defined by this FPGA architecture. */
    int warning_count;

    create_rr_graph(graph_type,
                    device_ctx.physical_tile_types,
                    device_ctx.grid,
                    chan_width,
                    device_ctx.num_arch_switches,
                    det_routing_arch,
                    segment_inf,
                    router_opts.base_cost_type,
                    router_opts.trim_empty_channels,
                    router_opts.trim_obs_channels,
                    router_opts.clock_modeling,
                    directs, num_directs,
                    &warning_count);

    //Initialize drawing, now that we have an RR graph
    init_draw_coords(width_fac);

    bool success = true;

    /* Allocate and load additional rr_graph information needed only by the router. */
    alloc_and_load_rr_node_route_structs();

    init_route_structs(router_opts.bb_factor);

    if (cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.nets().empty()) {
        VTR_LOG_WARN("No nets to route\n");
    }

    if (router_opts.router_algorithm == BREADTH_FIRST) {
        VTR_LOG("Confirming router algorithm: BREADTH_FIRST.\n");
        success = try_breadth_first_route(router_opts);
    } else { /* TIMING_DRIVEN route */
        VTR_LOG("Confirming router algorithm: TIMING_DRIVEN.\n");

        IntraLbPbPinLookup intra_lb_pb_pin_lookup(device_ctx.logical_block_types);
        ClusteredPinAtomPinsLookup netlist_pin_lookup(cluster_ctx.clb_nlist, intra_lb_pb_pin_lookup);

        success = try_timing_driven_route(router_opts,
                                          analysis_opts,
                                          segment_inf,
                                          net_delay,
                                          netlist_pin_lookup,
                                          timing_info,
                                          delay_calc,
                                          first_iteration_priority);

        profiling::time_on_fanout_analysis();
    }

    return (success);
}

bool feasible_routing() {
    /* This routine checks to see if this is a resource-feasible routing.      *
     * That is, are all rr_node capacity limitations respected?  It assumes    *
     * that the occupancy arrays are up to date when it is called.             */

    auto& device_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.device();
    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.routing();

    for (size_t inode = 0; inode < device_ctx.rr_nodes.size(); inode++) {
        if (route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].occ() > device_ctx.rr_nodes[inode].capacity()) {
            return (false);
        }
    }

    return (true);
}

//Returns all RR nodes in the current routing which are congested
std::vector<int> collect_congested_rr_nodes() {
    auto& device_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.device();
    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.routing();

    std::vector<int> congested_rr_nodes;
    for (size_t inode = 0; inode < device_ctx.rr_nodes.size(); inode++) {
        short occ = route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].occ();
        short capacity = device_ctx.rr_nodes[inode].capacity();

        if (occ > capacity) {
            congested_rr_nodes.push_back(inode);
        }
    }
    return congested_rr_nodes;
}

/* Returns a vector from [0..device_ctx.rr_nodes.size()-1] containing the set
 * of nets using each RR node */
std::vector<std::set<ClusterNetId>> collect_rr_node_nets() {
    auto& device_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.device();
    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.routing();
    auto& cluster_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.clustering();

    std::vector<std::set<ClusterNetId>> rr_node_nets(device_ctx.rr_nodes.size());
    for (ClusterNetId inet : cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.nets()) {
        t_trace* trace_elem = route_ctx.trace[inet].head;
        while (trace_elem) {
            int rr_node = trace_elem->index;

            rr_node_nets[rr_node].insert(inet);

            trace_elem = trace_elem->next;
        }
    }
    return rr_node_nets;
}

void pathfinder_update_path_cost(t_trace* route_segment_start,
                                 int add_or_sub,
                                 float pres_fac) {
    /* This routine updates the occupancy and pres_cost of the rr_nodes that are *
     * affected by the portion of the routing of one net that starts at          *
     * route_segment_start.  If route_segment_start is route_ctx.trace[net_id].head, the     *
     * cost of all the nodes in the routing of net net_id are updated.  If         *
     * add_or_sub is -1 the net (or net portion) is ripped up, if it is 1 the    *
     * net is added to the routing.  The size of pres_fac determines how severly *
     * oversubscribed rr_nodes are penalized.                                    */

    t_trace* tptr;

    tptr = route_segment_start;
    if (tptr == nullptr) /* No routing yet. */
        return;

    for (;;) {
        pathfinder_update_single_node_cost(tptr->index, add_or_sub, pres_fac);

        if (tptr->iswitch == OPEN) { //End of branch
            tptr = tptr->next;       /* Skip next segment. */
            if (tptr == nullptr)
                break;
        }

        tptr = tptr->next;

    } /* End while loop -- did an entire traceback. */
}

void pathfinder_update_single_node_cost(int inode, int add_or_sub, float pres_fac) {
    /* Updates pathfinder's congestion cost by either adding or removing the
     * usage of a resource node. pres_cost is Pn in the Pathfinder paper.
     * pres_cost is set according to the overuse that would result from having
     * ONE MORE net use this routing node.     */

    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.mutable_routing();
    auto& device_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.device();

    int occ = route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].occ() + add_or_sub;
    route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].set_occ(occ);
    // can't have negative occupancy
    VTR_ASSERT(occ >= 0);

    int capacity = device_ctx.rr_nodes[inode].capacity();
    if (occ < capacity) {
        route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].pres_cost = 1.0;
    } else {
        route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].pres_cost = 1.0 + (occ + 1 - capacity) * pres_fac;
    }
}

void pathfinder_update_cost(float pres_fac, float acc_fac) {
    /* This routine recomputes the pres_cost and acc_cost of each routing        *
     * resource for the pathfinder algorithm after all nets have been routed.    *
     * It updates the accumulated cost to by adding in the number of extra       *
     * signals sharing a resource right now (i.e. after each complete iteration) *
     * times acc_fac.  It also updates pres_cost, since pres_fac may have        *
     * changed.  THIS ROUTINE ASSUMES THE OCCUPANCY VALUES IN RR_NODE ARE UP TO  *
     * DATE.                                                                     */

    int occ, capacity;
    auto& device_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.device();
    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.mutable_routing();

    for (size_t inode = 0; inode < device_ctx.rr_nodes.size(); inode++) {
        occ = route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].occ();
        capacity = device_ctx.rr_nodes[inode].capacity();

        if (occ > capacity) {
            route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].acc_cost += (occ - capacity) * acc_fac;
            route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].pres_cost = 1.0 + (occ + 1 - capacity) * pres_fac;
        }

        /* If occ == capacity, we don't need to increase acc_cost, but a change    *
         * in pres_fac could have made it necessary to recompute the cost anyway.  */

        else if (occ == capacity) {
            route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].pres_cost = 1.0 + pres_fac;
        }
    }
}

void init_heap(const DeviceGrid& grid) {
    if (heap != nullptr) {
        vtr::free(heap + 1);
        heap = nullptr;
    }
    heap_size = (grid.width() - 1) * (grid.height() - 1);
    heap = (t_heap**)vtr::malloc(heap_size * sizeof(t_heap*));
    heap--; /* heap stores from [1..heap_size] */
    heap_tail = 1;
}

/* Call this before you route any nets.  It frees any old traceback and   *
 * sets the list of rr_nodes touched to empty.                            */
void init_route_structs(int bb_factor) {
    auto& cluster_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.clustering();
    auto& device_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.device();
    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.mutable_routing();

    //Free any old tracebacks
    for (auto net_id : cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.nets())
        free_traceback(net_id);

    //Allocate new tracebacks
    route_ctx.trace.resize(cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.nets().size());
    route_ctx.trace_nodes.resize(cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.nets().size());

    init_heap(device_ctx.grid);

    //Various look-ups
    route_ctx.net_rr_terminals = load_net_rr_terminals(device_ctx.rr_node_indices);
    route_ctx.route_bb = load_route_bb(bb_factor);
    route_ctx.rr_blk_source = load_rr_clb_sources(device_ctx.rr_node_indices);
    route_ctx.clb_opins_used_locally = alloc_and_load_clb_opins_used_locally();
    route_ctx.net_status.resize(cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.nets().size());

    /* Check that things that should have been emptied after the last routing *
     * really were.                                                           */

    if (heap_tail != 1) {
        VPR_FATAL_ERROR(VPR_ERROR_ROUTE,
                        "in init_route_structs. Heap is not empty.\n");
    }
}

t_trace*
update_traceback(t_heap* hptr, ClusterNetId net_id) {
    /* This routine adds the most recently finished wire segment to the         *
     * traceback linked list.  The first connection starts with the net SOURCE  *
     * and begins at the structure pointed to by route_ctx.trace[net_id].head. Each         *
     * connection ends with a SINK.  After each SINK, the next connection       *
     * begins (if the net has more than 2 pins).  The first element after the   *
     * SINK gives the routing node on a previous piece of the routing, which is *
     * the link from the existing net to this new piece of the net.             *
     * In each traceback I start at the end of a path and trace back through    *
     * its predecessors to the beginning.  I have stored information on the     *
     * predecesser of each node to make traceback easy -- this sacrificies some *
     * memory for easier code maintenance.  This routine returns a pointer to   *
     * the first "new" node in the traceback (node not previously in trace).    */
    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.mutable_routing();

    auto& trace_nodes = route_ctx.trace_nodes[net_id];

    VTR_ASSERT_SAFE(validate_trace_nodes(route_ctx.trace[net_id].head, trace_nodes));

    t_trace_branch branch = traceback_branch(hptr->index, trace_nodes);

    VTR_ASSERT_SAFE(validate_trace_nodes(branch.head, trace_nodes));

    t_trace* ret_ptr = nullptr;
    if (route_ctx.trace[net_id].tail != nullptr) {
        route_ctx.trace[net_id].tail->next = branch.head; /* Traceback ends with tptr */
        ret_ptr = branch.head->next;                      /* First new segment.       */
    } else {                                              /* This was the first "chunk" of the net's routing */
        route_ctx.trace[net_id].head = branch.head;
        ret_ptr = branch.head; /* Whole traceback is new. */
    }

    route_ctx.trace[net_id].tail = branch.tail;
    return (ret_ptr);
}

//Traces back a new routing branch starting from the specified 'node' and working backwards to any existing routing.
//Returns the new branch, and also updates trace_nodes for any new nodes which are included in the branches traceback.
static t_trace_branch traceback_branch(int node, std::unordered_set<int>& trace_nodes) {
    auto& device_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.device();
    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.routing();

    auto rr_type = device_ctx.rr_nodes[node].type();
    if (rr_type != SINK) {
        VPR_FATAL_ERROR(VPR_ERROR_ROUTE,
                        "in traceback_branch: Expected type = SINK (%d).\n");
    }

    //We construct the main traceback by walking from the given node back to the source,
    //according to the previous edges/nodes recorded in rr_node_route_inf by the router.
    t_trace* branch_head = alloc_trace_data();
    t_trace* branch_tail = branch_head;
    branch_head->index = node;
    branch_head->iswitch = OPEN;
    branch_head->next = nullptr;

    trace_nodes.insert(node);

    std::vector<int> new_nodes_added_to_traceback = {node};

    auto iedge = route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[node].prev_edge;
    int inode = route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[node].prev_node;

    while (inode != NO_PREVIOUS) {
        //Add the current node to the head of traceback
        t_trace* prev_ptr = alloc_trace_data();
        prev_ptr->index = inode;
        prev_ptr->iswitch = device_ctx.rr_nodes[inode].edge_switch(iedge);
        prev_ptr->next = branch_head;
        branch_head = prev_ptr;

        if (trace_nodes.count(inode)) {
            break; //Connected to existing routing
        }

        trace_nodes.insert(inode); //Record this node as visited
        new_nodes_added_to_traceback.push_back(inode);

        iedge = route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].prev_edge;
        inode = route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].prev_node;
    }

    //We next re-expand all the main-branch nodes to add any non-configurably connected side branches
    // We are careful to do this *after* the main branch is constructed to ensure nodes which are both
    // non-configurably connected *and* part of the main branch are only added to the traceback once.
    for (int new_node : new_nodes_added_to_traceback) {
        //Expand each main branch node
        std::tie(branch_head, branch_tail) = add_trace_non_configurable(branch_head, branch_tail, new_node, trace_nodes);
    }

    return {branch_head, branch_tail};
}

//Traces any non-configurable subtrees from branch_head, returning the new branch_head and updating trace_nodes
//
//This effectively does a depth-first traversal
static std::pair<t_trace*, t_trace*> add_trace_non_configurable(t_trace* head, t_trace* tail, int node, std::unordered_set<int>& trace_nodes) {
    //Trace any non-configurable subtrees
    t_trace* subtree_head = nullptr;
    t_trace* subtree_tail = nullptr;
    std::tie(subtree_head, subtree_tail) = add_trace_non_configurable_recurr(node, trace_nodes);

    //Add any non-empty subtree to tail of traceback
    if (subtree_head && subtree_tail) {
        if (!head) { //First subtree becomes head
            head = subtree_head;
        } else { //Later subtrees added to tail
            VTR_ASSERT(tail);
            tail->next = subtree_head;
        }

        tail = subtree_tail;
    } else {
        VTR_ASSERT(subtree_head == nullptr && subtree_tail == nullptr);
    }

    return {head, tail};
}

//Recursive helper function for add_trace_non_configurable()
static std::pair<t_trace*, t_trace*> add_trace_non_configurable_recurr(int node, std::unordered_set<int>& trace_nodes, int depth) {
    t_trace* head = nullptr;
    t_trace* tail = nullptr;

    //Record the non-configurable out-going edges
    std::vector<t_edge_size> unvisited_non_configurable_edges;
    auto& device_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.device();
    for (auto iedge : device_ctx.rr_nodes[node].non_configurable_edges()) {
        VTR_ASSERT_SAFE(!device_ctx.rr_nodes[node].edge_is_configurable(iedge));

        int to_node = device_ctx.rr_nodes[node].edge_sink_node(iedge);

        if (!trace_nodes.count(to_node)) {
            unvisited_non_configurable_edges.push_back(iedge);
        }
    }

    if (unvisited_non_configurable_edges.size() == 0) {
        //Base case: leaf node with no non-configurable edges
        if (depth > 0) { //Arrived via non-configurable edge
            VTR_ASSERT(!trace_nodes.count(node));
            head = alloc_trace_data();
            head->index = node;
            head->iswitch = -1;
            head->next = nullptr;
            tail = head;

            trace_nodes.insert(node);
        }

    } else {
        //Recursive case: intermediate node with non-configurable edges
        for (auto iedge : unvisited_non_configurable_edges) {
            int to_node = device_ctx.rr_nodes[node].edge_sink_node(iedge);
            int iswitch = device_ctx.rr_nodes[node].edge_switch(iedge);

            VTR_ASSERT(!trace_nodes.count(to_node));
            trace_nodes.insert(node);

            //Recurse
            t_trace* subtree_head = nullptr;
            t_trace* subtree_tail = nullptr;
            std::tie(subtree_head, subtree_tail) = add_trace_non_configurable_recurr(to_node, trace_nodes, depth + 1);

            if (subtree_head && subtree_tail) {
                //Add the non-empty sub-tree

                //Duplicate the original head as the new tail (for the new branch)
                t_trace* intermediate_head = alloc_trace_data();
                intermediate_head->index = node;
                intermediate_head->iswitch = iswitch;
                intermediate_head->next = nullptr;

                intermediate_head->next = subtree_head;

                if (!head) { //First subtree becomes head
                    head = intermediate_head;
                } else { //Later subtrees added to tail
                    VTR_ASSERT(tail);
                    tail->next = intermediate_head;
                }

                tail = subtree_tail;
            } else {
                VTR_ASSERT(subtree_head == nullptr && subtree_tail == nullptr);
            }
        }
    }

    return {head, tail};
}

/* The routine sets the path_cost to HUGE_POSITIVE_FLOAT for  *
 * all channel segments touched by previous routing phases.    */
void reset_path_costs(const std::vector<int>& visited_rr_nodes) {
    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.mutable_routing();

    for (auto node : visited_rr_nodes) {
        route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[node].path_cost = std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity();
        route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[node].backward_path_cost = std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity();
        route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[node].prev_node = NO_PREVIOUS;
        route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[node].prev_edge = NO_PREVIOUS;
    }
}

/* Returns the *congestion* cost of using this rr_node. */
float get_rr_cong_cost(int inode) {
    auto& device_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.device();

    float cost = get_single_rr_cong_cost(inode);

    auto itr = device_ctx.rr_node_to_non_config_node_set.find(inode);
    if (itr != device_ctx.rr_node_to_non_config_node_set.end()) {
        for (int node : device_ctx.rr_non_config_node_sets[itr->second]) {
            if (node != inode) {
                continue; //Already included above
            }

            cost += get_single_rr_cong_cost(node);
        }
    }
    return (cost);
}

/* Returns the congestion cost of using this rr_node, *ignoring*
 * non-configurable edges */
static float get_single_rr_cong_cost(int inode) {
    auto& device_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.device();
    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.routing();

    auto cost_index = device_ctx.rr_nodes[inode].cost_index();
    float cost = device_ctx.rr_indexed_data[cost_index].base_cost
                 * route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].acc_cost
                 * route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].pres_cost;
    return cost;
}

/* Mark all the SINKs of this net as targets by setting their target flags  *
 * to the number of times the net must connect to each SINK.  Note that     *
 * this number can occasionally be greater than 1 -- think of connecting   *
 * the same net to two inputs of an and-gate (and-gate inputs are logically *
 * equivalent, so both will connect to the same SINK).                      */
void mark_ends(ClusterNetId net_id) {
    unsigned int ipin;
    int inode;

    auto& cluster_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.clustering();
    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.mutable_routing();

    for (ipin = 1; ipin < cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.net_pins(net_id).size(); ipin++) {
        inode = route_ctx.net_rr_terminals[net_id][ipin];
        route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].target_flag++;
    }
}

void mark_remaining_ends(const std::vector<int>& remaining_sinks) {
    // like mark_ends, but only performs it for the remaining sinks of a net
    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.mutable_routing();
    for (int sink_node : remaining_sinks)
        ++route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[sink_node].target_flag;
}

void node_to_heap(int inode, float total_cost, int prev_node, int prev_edge, float backward_path_cost, float R_upstream) {
    /* Puts an rr_node on the heap, if the new cost given is lower than the     *
     * current path_cost to this channel segment.  The index of its predecessor *
     * is stored to make traceback easy.  The index of the edge used to get     *
     * from its predecessor to it is also stored to make timing analysis, etc.  *
     * easy.  The backward_path_cost and R_upstream values are used only by the *
     * timing-driven router -- the breadth-first router ignores them.           */

    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.routing();

    if (total_cost >= route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].path_cost)
        return;

    t_heap* hptr = alloc_heap_data();
    hptr->index = inode;
    hptr->cost = total_cost;
    VTR_ASSERT_SAFE(hptr->u.prev.node == NO_PREVIOUS);
    VTR_ASSERT_SAFE(hptr->u.prev.edge == NO_PREVIOUS);
    hptr->u.prev.node = prev_node;
    hptr->u.prev.edge = prev_edge;
    hptr->backward_path_cost = backward_path_cost;
    hptr->R_upstream = R_upstream;
    add_to_heap(hptr);
}

void free_traceback(ClusterNetId net_id) {
    /* Puts the entire traceback (old routing) for this net on the free list *
     * and sets the route_ctx.trace_head pointers etc. for the net to NULL.            */

    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.mutable_routing();

    if (route_ctx.trace.empty()) {
        return;
    }

    if (route_ctx.trace[net_id].head == nullptr) {
        return;
    }

    free_traceback(route_ctx.trace[net_id].head);

    route_ctx.trace[net_id].head = nullptr;
    route_ctx.trace[net_id].tail = nullptr;
    route_ctx.trace_nodes[net_id].clear();
}

void free_traceback(t_trace* tptr) {
    while (tptr != nullptr) {
        t_trace* tempptr = tptr->next;
        free_trace_data(tptr);
        tptr = tempptr;
    }
}

/* Allocates data structures into which the key routing data can be saved,   *
 * allowing the routing to be recovered later (e.g. after a another routing  *
 * is attempted).                                                            */
vtr::vector<ClusterNetId, t_trace*> alloc_saved_routing() {
    auto& cluster_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.clustering();
    vtr::vector<ClusterNetId, t_trace*> best_routing(cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.nets().size());

    return (best_routing);
}

//Calculates how many (and allocates space for) OPINs which must be reserved to
//respect 'instance' equivalence.
//
//TODO: At the moment this makes a significant simplifying assumption. It reserves
//      all OPINs not connected to external nets. This ensures each signal leaving
//      the logic block uses only a single OPIN. This is a safe, but pessmistic
//      behaviour, which prevents any logic duplication (e.g. duplicating LUTs/BLEs)
//      to drive multiple OPINs which could aid routability.
//
//      Note that this only applies for 'intance' equivalence. 'full' equivalence
//      does allow for multiple outputs to be used for a single signal.
static t_clb_opins_used alloc_and_load_clb_opins_used_locally() {
    /* Allocates and loads the data needed to make the router reserve some CLB  *
     * output pins for connections made locally within a CLB (if the netlist    *
     * specifies that this is necessary).                                       */

    t_clb_opins_used clb_opins_used_locally;
    int clb_pin, iclass, class_low, class_high;

    auto& cluster_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.clustering();

    clb_opins_used_locally.resize(cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.blocks().size());

    for (auto blk_id : cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.blocks()) {
        auto type = physical_tile_type(blk_id);

        get_class_range_for_block(blk_id, &class_low, &class_high);
        clb_opins_used_locally[blk_id].resize(type->num_class);

        if (is_io_type(type)) continue;

        int pin_low = 0;
        int pin_high = 0;
        get_pin_range_for_block(blk_id, &pin_low, &pin_high);

        for (clb_pin = pin_low; clb_pin <= pin_high; clb_pin++) {
            auto net = cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.block_net(blk_id, clb_pin);

            if (!net || (net && cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.net_sinks(net).size() == 0)) {
                //There is no external net connected to this pin

                iclass = type->pin_class[clb_pin];

                if (type->class_inf[iclass].equivalence == PortEquivalence::INSTANCE) {
                    //The pin is part of an instance equivalent class, hence we need to reserve a pin

                    VTR_ASSERT(type->class_inf[iclass].type == DRIVER);

                    /* Check to make sure class is in same range as that assigned to block */
                    VTR_ASSERT(iclass >= class_low && iclass <= class_high);

                    //We push back OPEN to reserve space to store the exact pin which
                    //will be reserved (determined later)
                    clb_opins_used_locally[blk_id][iclass].emplace_back(OPEN);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    return (clb_opins_used_locally);
}

/*the trace lists are only freed after use by the timing-driven placer */
/*Do not  free them after use by the router, since stats, and draw  */
/*routines use the trace values */
void free_trace_structs() {
    auto& cluster_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.clustering();
    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.mutable_routing();

    if (route_ctx.trace.empty()) {
        return;
    }

    for (auto net_id : cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.nets()) {
        free_traceback(net_id);

        if (route_ctx.trace[net_id].head) {
            free(route_ctx.trace[net_id].head);
            free(route_ctx.trace[net_id].tail);
        }
        route_ctx.trace[net_id].head = nullptr;
        route_ctx.trace[net_id].tail = nullptr;
    }
}

void free_route_structs() {
    /* Frees the temporary storage needed only during the routing.  The  *
     * final routing result is not freed.                                */
    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.mutable_routing();

    if (heap != nullptr) {
        //Free the individiaul heap elements (calls destructors)
        for (int i = 1; i < num_heap_allocated; i++) {
            VTR_LOG("Freeing %p\n", heap[i]);
            vtr::chunk_delete(heap[i], &heap_ch);
        }

        // coverity[offset_free : Intentional]
        free(heap + 1);

        heap = nullptr; /* Defensive coding:  crash hard if I use these. */
    }

    if (heap_free_head != nullptr) {
        t_heap* curr = heap_free_head;
        while (curr) {
            t_heap* tmp = curr;
            curr = curr->u.next;

            vtr::chunk_delete(tmp, &heap_ch);
        }

        heap_free_head = nullptr;
    }
    if (route_ctx.route_bb.size() != 0) {
        route_ctx.route_bb.clear();
    }

    /*free the memory chunks that were used by heap and linked f pointer */
    free_chunk_memory(&heap_ch);
}

/* Frees the data structures needed to save a routing.                     */
void free_saved_routing(vtr::vector<ClusterNetId, t_trace*>& best_routing) {
    auto& cluster_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.clustering();
    for (auto net_id : cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.nets()) {
        if (best_routing[net_id] != nullptr) {
            free(best_routing[net_id]);
            best_routing[net_id] = nullptr;
        }
    }
}

void alloc_and_load_rr_node_route_structs() {
    /* Allocates some extra information about each rr_node that is used only   *
     * during routing.                                                         */

    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.mutable_routing();
    auto& device_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.device();

    route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf.resize(device_ctx.rr_nodes.size());
    reset_rr_node_route_structs();
}

void reset_rr_node_route_structs() {
    /* Resets some extra information about each rr_node that is used only   *
     * during routing.                                                         */

    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.mutable_routing();
    auto& device_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.device();

    VTR_ASSERT(route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf.size() == size_t(device_ctx.rr_nodes.size()));

    for (size_t inode = 0; inode < device_ctx.rr_nodes.size(); inode++) {
        route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].prev_node = NO_PREVIOUS;
        route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].prev_edge = NO_PREVIOUS;
        route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].pres_cost = 1.0;
        route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].acc_cost = 1.0;
        route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].path_cost = std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity();
        route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].backward_path_cost = std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity();
        route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].target_flag = 0;
        route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].set_occ(0);
    }
}

/* Allocates and loads the route_ctx.net_rr_terminals data structure. For each net it stores the rr_node   *
 * index of the SOURCE of the net and all the SINKs of the net [clb_nlist.nets()][clb_nlist.net_pins()].    *
 * Entry [inet][pnum] stores the rr index corresponding to the SOURCE (opin) or SINK (ipin) of the pin.     */
static vtr::vector<ClusterNetId, std::vector<int>> load_net_rr_terminals(const t_rr_node_indices& L_rr_node_indices) {
    vtr::vector<ClusterNetId, std::vector<int>> net_rr_terminals;

    int inode, i, j, node_block_pin, iclass;

    auto& cluster_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.clustering();
    auto& place_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.placement();

    auto nets = cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.nets();
    net_rr_terminals.resize(nets.size());

    for (auto net_id : cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.nets()) {
        auto net_pins = cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.net_pins(net_id);
        net_rr_terminals[net_id].resize(net_pins.size());

        int pin_count = 0;
        for (auto pin_id : cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.net_pins(net_id)) {
            auto block_id = cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.pin_block(pin_id);
            i = place_ctx.block_locs[block_id].loc.x;
            j = place_ctx.block_locs[block_id].loc.y;
            auto type = physical_tile_type(block_id);

            /* In the routing graph, each (x, y) location has unique pins on it
             * so when there is capacity, blocks are packed and their pin numbers
             * are offset to get their actual rr_node */
            node_block_pin = cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.pin_physical_index(pin_id);

            iclass = type->pin_class[node_block_pin];

            inode = get_rr_node_index(L_rr_node_indices, i, j, (pin_count == 0 ? SOURCE : SINK), /* First pin is driver */
                                      iclass);
            net_rr_terminals[net_id][pin_count] = inode;
            pin_count++;
        }
    }

    return net_rr_terminals;
}

/* Saves the rr_node corresponding to each SOURCE and SINK in each CLB      *
 * in the FPGA.  Currently only the SOURCE rr_node values are used, and     *
 * they are used only to reserve pins for locally used OPINs in the router. *
 * [0..cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.blocks().size()-1][0..num_class-1].            *
 * The values for blocks that are padsare NOT valid.                        */
static vtr::vector<ClusterBlockId, std::vector<int>> load_rr_clb_sources(const t_rr_node_indices& L_rr_node_indices) {
    vtr::vector<ClusterBlockId, std::vector<int>> rr_blk_source;

    int i, j, iclass, inode;
    int class_low, class_high;
    t_rr_type rr_type;

    auto& cluster_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.clustering();
    auto& place_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.placement();

    rr_blk_source.resize(cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.blocks().size());

    for (auto blk_id : cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.blocks()) {
        auto type = physical_tile_type(blk_id);
        get_class_range_for_block(blk_id, &class_low, &class_high);
        rr_blk_source[blk_id].resize(type->num_class);
        for (iclass = 0; iclass < type->num_class; iclass++) {
            if (iclass >= class_low && iclass <= class_high) {
                i = place_ctx.block_locs[blk_id].loc.x;
                j = place_ctx.block_locs[blk_id].loc.y;

                if (type->class_inf[iclass].type == DRIVER)
                    rr_type = SOURCE;
                else
                    rr_type = SINK;

                inode = get_rr_node_index(L_rr_node_indices, i, j, rr_type, iclass);
                rr_blk_source[blk_id][iclass] = inode;
            } else {
                rr_blk_source[blk_id][iclass] = OPEN;
            }
        }
    }

    return rr_blk_source;
}

vtr::vector<ClusterNetId, t_bb> load_route_bb(int bb_factor) {
    vtr::vector<ClusterNetId, t_bb> route_bb;

    auto& cluster_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.clustering();

    auto nets = cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.nets();
    route_bb.resize(nets.size());
    for (auto net_id : nets) {
        route_bb[net_id] = load_net_route_bb(net_id, bb_factor);
    }
    return route_bb;
}

t_bb load_net_route_bb(ClusterNetId net_id, int bb_factor) {
    /*
     * This routine loads the bounding box used to limit the space
     * searched by the maze router when routing a specific net. The search is
     * limited to channels contained with the net bounding box expanded
     * by bb_factor channels on each side.  For example, if bb_factor is
     * 0, the maze router must route each net within its bounding box.
     * If bb_factor = max(device_ctx.grid.width()-1, device_cts.grid.height() - 1),
     * the maze router will search every channel in
     * the FPGA if necessary.  The bounding box returned by this routine
     * are different from the ones used by the placer in that they are
     * clipped to lie within (0,0) and (device_ctx.grid.width()-1,device_ctx.grid.height()-1)
     * rather than (1,1) and (device_ctx.grid.width()-1,device_ctx.grid.height()-1).
     */
    auto& cluster_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.clustering();
    auto& device_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.device();
    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.routing();

    //Ensure bb_factor is bounded by the device size
    //This ensures that if someone passes in an extremely large bb_factor
    //(e.g. std::numeric_limits<int>::max()) the later addition/subtraction
    //of bb_factor will not cause under/overflow
    int max_dim = std::max<int>(device_ctx.grid.width() - 1, device_ctx.grid.height() - 1);
    bb_factor = std::min(bb_factor, max_dim);

    int driver_rr = route_ctx.net_rr_terminals[net_id][0];
    const t_rr_node& source_node = device_ctx.rr_nodes[driver_rr];
    VTR_ASSERT(source_node.type() == SOURCE);

    VTR_ASSERT(source_node.xlow() <= source_node.xhigh());
    VTR_ASSERT(source_node.ylow() <= source_node.yhigh());

    int xmin = source_node.xlow();
    int ymin = source_node.ylow();
    int xmax = source_node.xhigh();
    int ymax = source_node.yhigh();

    auto net_sinks = cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.net_sinks(net_id);
    for (size_t ipin = 1; ipin < net_sinks.size() + 1; ++ipin) { //Start at 1 since looping through sinks
        int sink_rr = route_ctx.net_rr_terminals[net_id][ipin];
        const t_rr_node& sink_node = device_ctx.rr_nodes[sink_rr];
        VTR_ASSERT(sink_node.type() == SINK);

        VTR_ASSERT(sink_node.xlow() <= sink_node.xhigh());
        VTR_ASSERT(sink_node.ylow() <= sink_node.yhigh());

        xmin = std::min<int>(xmin, sink_node.xlow());
        xmax = std::max<int>(xmax, sink_node.xhigh());
        ymin = std::min<int>(ymin, sink_node.ylow());
        ymax = std::max<int>(ymax, sink_node.yhigh());
    }

    /* Want the channels on all 4 sides to be usuable, even if bb_factor = 0. */
    xmin -= 1;
    ymin -= 1;

    /* Expand the net bounding box by bb_factor, then clip to the physical *
     * chip area.                                                          */

    t_bb bb;

    bb.xmin = std::max<int>(xmin - bb_factor, 0);
    bb.xmax = std::min<int>(xmax + bb_factor, device_ctx.grid.width() - 1);
    bb.ymin = std::max<int>(ymin - bb_factor, 0);
    bb.ymax = std::min<int>(ymax + bb_factor, device_ctx.grid.height() - 1);

    return bb;
}

void add_to_mod_list(int inode, std::vector<int>& modified_rr_node_inf) {
    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.routing();

    if (std::isinf(route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].path_cost)) {
        modified_rr_node_inf.push_back(inode);
    }
}

namespace heap_ {
size_t parent(size_t i);
size_t left(size_t i);
size_t right(size_t i);
size_t size();
void expand_heap_if_full();

size_t parent(size_t i) { return i >> 1; }
// child indices of a heap
size_t left(size_t i) { return i << 1; }
size_t right(size_t i) { return (i << 1) + 1; }
size_t size() { return static_cast<size_t>(heap_tail - 1); } // heap[0] is not valid element

// make a heap rooted at index i by **sifting down** in O(lgn) time
void sift_down(size_t hole) {
    t_heap* head{heap[hole]};
    size_t child{left(hole)};
    while ((int)child < heap_tail) {
        if ((int)child + 1 < heap_tail && heap[child + 1]->cost < heap[child]->cost)
            ++child;
        if (heap[child]->cost < head->cost) {
            heap[hole] = heap[child];
            hole = child;
            child = left(child);
        } else
            break;
    }
    heap[hole] = head;
}

// runs in O(n) time by sifting down; the least work is done on the most elements: 1 swap for bottom layer, 2 swap for 2nd, ... lgn swap for top
// 1*(n/2) + 2*(n/4) + 3*(n/8) + ... + lgn*1 = 2n (sum of i/2^i)
void build_heap() {
    // second half of heap are leaves
    for (size_t i = heap_tail >> 1; i != 0; --i)
        sift_down(i);
}

// O(lgn) sifting up to maintain heap property after insertion (should sift down when building heap)
void sift_up(size_t leaf, t_heap* const node) {
    while ((leaf > 1) && (node->cost < heap[parent(leaf)]->cost)) {
        // sift hole up
        heap[leaf] = heap[parent(leaf)];
        leaf = parent(leaf);
    }
    heap[leaf] = node;
}

void expand_heap_if_full() {
    if (heap_tail > heap_size) { /* Heap is full */
        heap_size *= 2;
        heap = (t_heap**)vtr::realloc((void*)(heap + 1),
                                      heap_size * sizeof(t_heap*));
        heap--; /* heap goes from [1..heap_size] */
    }
}

// adds an element to the back of heap and expand if necessary, but does not maintain heap property
void push_back(t_heap* const hptr) {
    expand_heap_if_full();
    heap[heap_tail] = hptr;
    ++heap_tail;
}

void push_back_node(int inode, float total_cost, int prev_node, int prev_edge, float backward_path_cost, float R_upstream) {
    /* Puts an rr_node on the heap with the same condition as node_to_heap,
     * but do not fix heap property yet as that is more efficiently done from
     * bottom up with build_heap    */

    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.routing();
    if (total_cost >= route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].path_cost)
        return;

    t_heap* hptr = alloc_heap_data();
    hptr->index = inode;
    hptr->cost = total_cost;
    hptr->u.prev.node = prev_node;
    hptr->u.prev.edge = prev_edge;
    hptr->backward_path_cost = backward_path_cost;
    hptr->R_upstream = R_upstream;
    push_back(hptr);
}

bool is_valid() {
    for (size_t i = 1; (int)i <= heap_tail >> 1; ++i) {
        if ((int)left(i) < heap_tail && heap[left(i)]->cost < heap[i]->cost) return false;
        if ((int)right(i) < heap_tail && heap[right(i)]->cost < heap[i]->cost) return false;
    }
    return true;
}
// extract every element and print it
void pop_heap() {
    while (!is_empty_heap())
        VTR_LOG("%e ", get_heap_head()->cost);
    VTR_LOG("\n");
}
// print every element; not necessarily in order for minheap
void print_heap() {
    for (int i = 1; i<heap_tail>> 1; ++i)
        VTR_LOG("(%e %e %e) ", heap[i]->cost, heap[left(i)]->cost, heap[right(i)]->cost);
    VTR_LOG("\n");
}
// verify correctness of extract top by making a copy, sorting it, and iterating it at the same time as extraction
void verify_extract_top() {
    constexpr float float_epsilon = 1e-20;
    std::cout << "copying heap\n";
    std::vector<t_heap*> heap_copy{heap + 1, heap + heap_tail};
    // sort based on cost with cheapest first
    VTR_ASSERT(heap_copy.size() == size());
    std::sort(begin(heap_copy), end(heap_copy),
              [](const t_heap* a, const t_heap* b) {
                  return a->cost < b->cost;
              });
    std::cout << "starting to compare top elements\n";
    size_t i = 0;
    while (!is_empty_heap()) {
        while (heap_copy[i]->index == OPEN)
            ++i; // skip the ones that won't be extracted
        auto top = get_heap_head();
        if (abs(top->cost - heap_copy[i]->cost) > float_epsilon)
            std::cout << "mismatch with sorted " << top << '(' << top->cost << ") " << heap_copy[i] << '(' << heap_copy[i]->cost << ")\n";
        ++i;
    }
    if (i != heap_copy.size())
        std::cout << "did not finish extracting: " << i << " vs " << heap_copy.size() << std::endl;
    else
        std::cout << "extract top working as intended\n";
}
} // namespace heap_
// adds to heap and maintains heap quality
void add_to_heap(t_heap* hptr) {
    heap_::expand_heap_if_full();
    // start with undefined hole
    ++heap_tail;
    heap_::sift_up(heap_tail - 1, hptr);
}

/*WMF: peeking accessor :) */
bool is_empty_heap() {
    return (bool)(heap_tail == 1);
}

t_heap*
get_heap_head() {
    /* Returns a pointer to the smallest element on the heap, or NULL if the     *
     * heap is empty.  Invalid (index == OPEN) entries on the heap are never     *
     * returned -- they are just skipped over.                                   */

    t_heap* cheapest;
    size_t hole, child;

    do {
        if (heap_tail == 1) { /* Empty heap. */
            VTR_LOG_WARN("Empty heap occurred in get_heap_head.\n");
            return (nullptr);
        }

        cheapest = heap[1];

        hole = 1;
        child = 2;
        --heap_tail;
        while ((int)child < heap_tail) {
            if (heap[child + 1]->cost < heap[child]->cost)
                ++child; // become right child
            heap[hole] = heap[child];
            hole = child;
            child = heap_::left(child);
        }
        heap_::sift_up(hole, heap[heap_tail]);

    } while (cheapest->index == OPEN); /* Get another one if invalid entry. */

    return (cheapest);
}

void empty_heap() {
    for (int i = 1; i < heap_tail; i++)
        free_heap_data(heap[i]);

    heap_tail = 1;
}

t_heap*
alloc_heap_data() {
    if (heap_free_head == nullptr) { /* No elements on the free list */
        heap_free_head = vtr::chunk_new<t_heap>(&heap_ch);
    }

    //Extract the head
    t_heap* temp_ptr = heap_free_head;
    heap_free_head = heap_free_head->u.next;

    num_heap_allocated++;

    //Reset
    temp_ptr->u.next = nullptr;
    temp_ptr->cost = 0.;
    temp_ptr->backward_path_cost = 0.;
    temp_ptr->R_upstream = 0.;
    temp_ptr->index = OPEN;
    temp_ptr->u.prev.node = NO_PREVIOUS;
    temp_ptr->u.prev.edge = NO_PREVIOUS;
    return (temp_ptr);
}

void free_heap_data(t_heap* hptr) {
    hptr->u.next = heap_free_head;
    heap_free_head = hptr;
    num_heap_allocated--;
}

void invalidate_heap_entries(int sink_node, int ipin_node) {
    /* Marks all the heap entries consisting of sink_node, where it was reached *
     * via ipin_node, as invalid (OPEN).  Used only by the breadth_first router *
     * and even then only in rare circumstances.                                */

    for (int i = 1; i < heap_tail; i++) {
        if (heap[i]->index == sink_node) {
            if (heap[i]->u.prev.node == ipin_node) {
                heap[i]->index = OPEN; /* Invalid. */
                break;
            }
        }
    }
}

t_trace*
alloc_trace_data() {
    t_trace* temp_ptr;

    if (trace_free_head == nullptr) { /* No elements on the free list */
        trace_free_head = (t_trace*)vtr::chunk_malloc(sizeof(t_trace), &trace_ch);
        trace_free_head->next = nullptr;
    }
    temp_ptr = trace_free_head;
    trace_free_head = trace_free_head->next;
    num_trace_allocated++;
    return (temp_ptr);
}

void free_trace_data(t_trace* tptr) {
    /* Puts the traceback structure pointed to by tptr on the free list. */

    tptr->next = trace_free_head;
    trace_free_head = tptr;
    num_trace_allocated--;
}

void print_route(FILE* fp, const vtr::vector<ClusterNetId, t_traceback>& tracebacks) {
    if (tracebacks.empty()) return; //Only if routing exists

    auto& place_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.placement();
    auto& device_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.device();
    auto& cluster_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.clustering();
    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.mutable_routing();

    for (auto net_id : cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.nets()) {
        if (!cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.net_is_ignored(net_id)) {
            fprintf(fp, "\n\nNet %zu (%s)\n\n", size_t(net_id), cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.net_name(net_id).c_str());
            if (cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.net_sinks(net_id).size() == false) {
                fprintf(fp, "\n\nUsed in local cluster only, reserved one CLB pin\n\n");
            } else {
                t_trace* tptr = route_ctx.trace[net_id].head;

                while (tptr != nullptr) {
                    int inode = tptr->index;
                    t_rr_type rr_type = device_ctx.rr_nodes[inode].type();
                    int ilow = device_ctx.rr_nodes[inode].xlow();
                    int jlow = device_ctx.rr_nodes[inode].ylow();

                    fprintf(fp, "Node:\t%d\t%6s (%d,%d) ", inode,
                            device_ctx.rr_nodes[inode].type_string(), ilow, jlow);

                    if ((ilow != device_ctx.rr_nodes[inode].xhigh())
                        || (jlow != device_ctx.rr_nodes[inode].yhigh()))
                        fprintf(fp, "to (%d,%d) ", device_ctx.rr_nodes[inode].xhigh(),
                                device_ctx.rr_nodes[inode].yhigh());

                    switch (rr_type) {
                        case IPIN:
                        case OPIN:
                            if (is_io_type(device_ctx.grid[ilow][jlow].type)) {
                                fprintf(fp, " Pad: ");
                            } else { /* IO Pad. */
                                fprintf(fp, " Pin: ");
                            }
                            break;

                        case CHANX:
                        case CHANY:
                            fprintf(fp, " Track: ");
                            break;

                        case SOURCE:
                        case SINK:
                            if (is_io_type(device_ctx.grid[ilow][jlow].type)) {
                                fprintf(fp, " Pad: ");
                            } else { /* IO Pad. */
                                fprintf(fp, " Class: ");
                            }
                            break;

                        default:
                            VPR_FATAL_ERROR(VPR_ERROR_ROUTE,
                                            "in print_route: Unexpected traceback element type: %d (%s).\n",
                                            rr_type, device_ctx.rr_nodes[inode].type_string());
                            break;
                    }

                    fprintf(fp, "%d  ", device_ctx.rr_nodes[inode].ptc_num());

                    if (!is_io_type(device_ctx.grid[ilow][jlow].type) && (rr_type == IPIN || rr_type == OPIN)) {
                        int pin_num = device_ctx.rr_nodes[inode].ptc_num();
                        int xoffset = device_ctx.grid[ilow][jlow].width_offset;
                        int yoffset = device_ctx.grid[ilow][jlow].height_offset;
                        ClusterBlockId iblock = place_ctx.grid_blocks[ilow - xoffset][jlow - yoffset].blocks[0];
                        VTR_ASSERT(iblock);
                        t_pb_graph_pin* pb_pin = get_pb_graph_node_pin_from_block_pin(iblock, pin_num);
                        t_pb_type* pb_type = pb_pin->parent_node->pb_type;
                        fprintf(fp, " %s.%s[%d] ", pb_type->name, pb_pin->port->name, pb_pin->pin_number);
                    }

                    /* Uncomment line below if you're debugging and want to see the switch types *
                     * used in the routing.                                                      */
                    fprintf(fp, "Switch: %d", tptr->iswitch);

                    fprintf(fp, "\n");

                    tptr = tptr->next;
                }
            }
        } else { /* Global net.  Never routed. */
            fprintf(fp, "\n\nNet %zu (%s): global net connecting:\n\n", size_t(net_id),
                    cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.net_name(net_id).c_str());

            for (auto pin_id : cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.net_pins(net_id)) {
                ClusterBlockId block_id = cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.pin_block(pin_id);
                int pin_index = cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.pin_physical_index(pin_id);
                int iclass = physical_tile_type(block_id)->pin_class[pin_index];

                fprintf(fp, "Block %s (#%zu) at (%d,%d), Pin class %d.\n",
                        cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.block_name(block_id).c_str(), size_t(block_id),
                        place_ctx.block_locs[block_id].loc.x,
                        place_ctx.block_locs[block_id].loc.y,
                        iclass);
            }
        }
    }
}

/* Prints out the routing to file route_file.  */
void print_route(const char* placement_file, const char* route_file) {
    FILE* fp;

    fp = fopen(route_file, "w");

    auto& place_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.placement();
    auto& device_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.device();
    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.mutable_routing();

    fprintf(fp, "Placement_File: %s Placement_ID: %s\n", placement_file, place_ctx.placement_id.c_str());

    fprintf(fp, "Array size: %zu x %zu logic blocks.\n", device_ctx.grid.width(), device_ctx.grid.height());
    fprintf(fp, "\nRouting:");

    print_route(fp, route_ctx.trace);

    fclose(fp);

    if (getEchoEnabled() && isEchoFileEnabled(E_ECHO_MEM)) {
        fp = vtr::fopen(getEchoFileName(E_ECHO_MEM), "w");
        fprintf(fp, "\nNum_heap_allocated: %d   Num_trace_allocated: %d\n",
                num_heap_allocated, num_trace_allocated);
        fprintf(fp, "Num_linked_f_pointer_allocated: %d\n",
                num_linked_f_pointer_allocated);
        fclose(fp);
    }

    //Save the digest of the route file
    route_ctx.routing_id = vtr::secure_digest_file(route_file);
}

//To ensure the router can only swaps pin which are actually logically equivalent some block output pins must be
//reserved in certain cases.
//
// In the RR graph, output pin equivalence is modelled by a single SRC node connected to (multiple) OPINs, modelling
// that each of the OPINs is logcially equivalent (i.e. it doesn't matter through which the router routes a signal,
// so long as it is from the appropriate SRC).
//
// This correctly models 'full' equivalence (e.g. if there is a full crossbar between the outputs), but is to
// optimistic for 'instance' equivalence (which typcially models the pin equivalence possible by swapping sub-block
// instances like BLEs). In particular, for the 'instance' equivalence case, some of the 'equivalent' block outputs
// may be used by internal signals which are routed entirely *within* the block (i.e. the signals which never leave
// the block). These signals effectively 'use-up' an output pin which should now be unavailable to the router.
//
// To model this we 'reserve' these locally used outputs, ensuring that the router will not use them (as if it did
// this would equate to duplicating a BLE into an already in-use BLE instance, which is clearly incorrect).
void reserve_locally_used_opins(float pres_fac, float acc_fac, bool rip_up_local_opins) {
    int num_local_opin, inode, from_node, iconn, num_edges, to_node;
    int iclass, ipin;
    float cost;
    t_heap* heap_head_ptr;
    t_physical_tile_type_ptr type;

    auto& cluster_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.clustering();
    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.mutable_routing();
    auto& device_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.device();

    if (rip_up_local_opins) {
        for (auto blk_id : cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.blocks()) {
            type = physical_tile_type(blk_id);
            for (iclass = 0; iclass < type->num_class; iclass++) {
                num_local_opin = route_ctx.clb_opins_used_locally[blk_id][iclass].size();

                if (num_local_opin == 0) continue;
                VTR_ASSERT(type->class_inf[iclass].equivalence == PortEquivalence::INSTANCE);

                /* Always 0 for pads and for RECEIVER (IPIN) classes */
                for (ipin = 0; ipin < num_local_opin; ipin++) {
                    inode = route_ctx.clb_opins_used_locally[blk_id][iclass][ipin];
                    adjust_one_rr_occ_and_apcost(inode, -1, pres_fac, acc_fac);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    for (auto blk_id : cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.blocks()) {
        type = physical_tile_type(blk_id);
        for (iclass = 0; iclass < type->num_class; iclass++) {
            num_local_opin = route_ctx.clb_opins_used_locally[blk_id][iclass].size();

            if (num_local_opin == 0) continue;

            VTR_ASSERT(type->class_inf[iclass].equivalence == PortEquivalence::INSTANCE);

            //From the SRC node we walk through it's out going edges to collect the
            //OPIN nodes. We then push them onto a heap so the the OPINs with lower
            //congestion cost are popped-off/reserved first. (Intuitively, we want
            //the reserved OPINs to move out of the way of congestion, by preferring
            //to reserve OPINs with lower congestion costs).
            from_node = route_ctx.rr_blk_source[blk_id][iclass];
            num_edges = device_ctx.rr_nodes[from_node].num_edges();
            for (iconn = 0; iconn < num_edges; iconn++) {
                to_node = device_ctx.rr_nodes[from_node].edge_sink_node(iconn);

                VTR_ASSERT(device_ctx.rr_nodes[to_node].type() == OPIN);

                //Add the OPIN to the heap according to it's congestion cost
                cost = get_rr_cong_cost(to_node);
                node_to_heap(to_node, cost, OPEN, OPEN, 0., 0.);
            }

            for (ipin = 0; ipin < num_local_opin; ipin++) {
                //Pop the nodes off the heap. We get them from the heap so we
                //reserve those pins with lowest congestion cost first.
                heap_head_ptr = get_heap_head();
                inode = heap_head_ptr->index;

                VTR_ASSERT(device_ctx.rr_nodes[inode].type() == OPIN);

                adjust_one_rr_occ_and_apcost(inode, 1, pres_fac, acc_fac);
                route_ctx.clb_opins_used_locally[blk_id][iclass][ipin] = inode;
                free_heap_data(heap_head_ptr);
            }

            empty_heap();
        }
    }
}

static void adjust_one_rr_occ_and_apcost(int inode, int add_or_sub, float pres_fac, float acc_fac) {
    /* Increments or decrements (depending on add_or_sub) the occupancy of    *
     * one rr_node, and adjusts the present cost of that node appropriately.  */

    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.mutable_routing();
    auto& device_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.device();

    int new_occ = route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].occ() + add_or_sub;
    int capacity = device_ctx.rr_nodes[inode].capacity();
    route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].set_occ(new_occ);

    if (new_occ < capacity) {
        route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].pres_cost = 1.0;
    } else {
        route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].pres_cost = 1.0 + (new_occ + 1 - capacity) * pres_fac;
        if (add_or_sub == 1) {
            route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].acc_cost += (new_occ - capacity) * acc_fac;
        }
    }
}

void free_chunk_memory_trace() {
    if (trace_ch.chunk_ptr_head != nullptr) {
        free_chunk_memory(&trace_ch);
        trace_ch.chunk_ptr_head = nullptr;
        trace_free_head = nullptr;
    }
}

// connection based overhaul (more specificity than nets)
// utility and debugging functions -----------------------
void print_traceback(ClusterNetId net_id) {
    // linearly print linked list
    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.routing();
    auto& device_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.device();

    VTR_LOG("traceback %zu: ", size_t(net_id));
    t_trace* head = route_ctx.trace[net_id].head;
    while (head) {
        int inode{head->index};
        if (device_ctx.rr_nodes[inode].type() == SINK)
            VTR_LOG("%d(sink)(%d)->", inode, route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].occ());
        else
            VTR_LOG("%d(%d)->", inode, route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].occ());
        head = head->next;
    }
    VTR_LOG("\n");
}

void print_traceback(const t_trace* trace) {
    auto& device_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.device();
    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.routing();
    const t_trace* prev = nullptr;
    while (trace) {
        int inode = trace->index;
        VTR_LOG("%d (%s)", inode, rr_node_typename[device_ctx.rr_nodes[inode].type()]);

        if (trace->iswitch == OPEN) {
            VTR_LOG(" !"); //End of branch
        }

        if (prev && prev->iswitch != OPEN && !device_ctx.rr_switch_inf[prev->iswitch].configurable()) {
            VTR_LOG("*"); //Reached non-configurably
        }

        if (route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].occ() > device_ctx.rr_nodes[inode].capacity()) {
            VTR_LOG(" x"); //Overused
        }
        VTR_LOG("\n");
        prev = trace;
        trace = trace->next;
    }
    VTR_LOG("\n");
}

bool validate_traceback(t_trace* trace) {
    std::set<int> seen_rr_nodes;

    return validate_traceback_recurr(trace, seen_rr_nodes);
}

bool validate_traceback_recurr(t_trace* trace, std::set<int>& seen_rr_nodes) {
    if (!trace) {
        return true;
    }

    seen_rr_nodes.insert(trace->index);

    t_trace* next = trace->next;

    if (next) {
        if (trace->iswitch == OPEN) { //End of a branch

            //Verify that the next element (branch point) has been already seen in the traceback so far
            if (!seen_rr_nodes.count(next->index)) {
                VPR_FATAL_ERROR(VPR_ERROR_ROUTE, "Traceback branch point %d not found", next->index);
            } else {
                //Recurse along the new branch
                return validate_traceback_recurr(next, seen_rr_nodes);
            }
        } else { //Midway along branch

            //Check there is an edge connecting trace and next

            auto& device_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.device();

            bool found = false;
            for (t_edge_size iedge = 0; iedge < device_ctx.rr_nodes[trace->index].num_edges(); ++iedge) {
                int to_node = device_ctx.rr_nodes[trace->index].edge_sink_node(iedge);

                if (to_node == next->index) {
                    found = true;

                    //Verify that the switch matches
                    int rr_iswitch = device_ctx.rr_nodes[trace->index].edge_switch(iedge);
                    if (trace->iswitch != rr_iswitch) {
                        VPR_FATAL_ERROR(VPR_ERROR_ROUTE, "Traceback mismatched switch type: traceback %d rr_graph %d (RR nodes %d -> %d)\n",
                                        trace->iswitch, rr_iswitch,
                                        trace->index, to_node);
                    }
                    break;
                }
            }

            if (!found) {
                VPR_FATAL_ERROR(VPR_ERROR_ROUTE, "Traceback no RR edge between RR nodes %d -> %d\n", trace->index, next->index);
            }

            //Recurse
            return validate_traceback_recurr(next, seen_rr_nodes);
        }
    }

    VTR_ASSERT(!next);
    return true; //End of traceback
}

//Print information about an invalid routing, caused by overused routing resources
void print_invalid_routing_info() {
    auto& device_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.device();
    auto& cluster_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.clustering();
    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.routing();

    //Build a look-up of nets using each RR node
    std::multimap<int, ClusterNetId> rr_node_nets;

    for (auto net_id : cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.nets()) {
        t_trace* tptr = route_ctx.trace[net_id].head;

        while (tptr != nullptr) {
            rr_node_nets.emplace(tptr->index, net_id);
            tptr = tptr->next;
        }
    }

    for (size_t inode = 0; inode < device_ctx.rr_nodes.size(); inode++) {
        int occ = route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].occ();
        int cap = device_ctx.rr_nodes[inode].capacity();
        if (occ > cap) {
            VTR_LOG("  %s is overused (occ=%d capacity=%d)\n", describe_rr_node(inode).c_str(), occ, cap);

            auto range = rr_node_nets.equal_range(inode);
            for (auto itr = range.first; itr != range.second; ++itr) {
                auto net_id = itr->second;
                VTR_LOG("    Used by net %s (%zu)\n", cluster_ctx.clb_nlist.net_name(net_id).c_str(), size_t(net_id));
            }
        }
    }
}

void print_rr_node_route_inf() {
    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.routing();
    auto& device_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.device();
    for (size_t inode = 0; inode < route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf.size(); ++inode) {
        if (!std::isinf(route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].path_cost)) {
            int prev_node = route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].prev_node;
            int prev_edge = route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].prev_edge;
            VTR_LOG("rr_node: %d prev_node: %d prev_edge: %d",
                    inode, prev_node, prev_edge);

            if (prev_node != OPEN && prev_edge != OPEN && !device_ctx.rr_nodes[prev_node].edge_is_configurable(prev_edge)) {
                VTR_LOG("*");
            }

            VTR_LOG(" pcost: %g back_pcost: %g\n",
                    route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].path_cost, route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].backward_path_cost);
        }
    }
}

void print_rr_node_route_inf_dot() {
    auto& route_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.routing();
    auto& device_ctx = g_vpr_ctx.device();

    VTR_LOG("digraph G {\n");
    VTR_LOG("\tnode[shape=record]\n");
    for (size_t inode = 0; inode < route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf.size(); ++inode) {
        if (!std::isinf(route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].path_cost)) {
            VTR_LOG("\tnode%zu[label=\"{%zu (%s)", inode, inode, device_ctx.rr_nodes[inode].type_string());
            if (route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].occ() > device_ctx.rr_nodes[inode].capacity()) {
                VTR_LOG(" x");
            }
            VTR_LOG("}\"]\n");
        }
    }
    for (size_t inode = 0; inode < route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf.size(); ++inode) {
        if (!std::isinf(route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].path_cost)) {
            int prev_node = route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].prev_node;
            int prev_edge = route_ctx.rr_node_route_inf[inode].prev_edge;

            if (prev_node != OPEN && prev_edge != OPEN) {
                VTR_LOG("\tnode%d -> node%zu [", prev_node, inode);
                if (prev_node != OPEN && prev_edge != OPEN && !device_ctx.rr_nodes[prev_node].edge_is_configurable(prev_edge)) {
                    VTR_LOG("label=\"*\"");
                }

                VTR_LOG("];\n");
            }
        }
    }

    VTR_LOG("}\n");
}

static bool validate_trace_nodes(t_trace* head, const std::unordered_set<int>& trace_nodes) {
    //Verifies that all nodes in the traceback 'head' are conatined in 'trace_nodes'

    if (!head) {
        return true;
    }

    std::vector<int> missing_from_trace_nodes;
    for (t_trace* tptr = head; tptr != nullptr; tptr = tptr->next) {
        if (!trace_nodes.count(tptr->index)) {
            missing_from_trace_nodes.push_back(tptr->index);
        }
    }

    if (!missing_from_trace_nodes.empty()) {
        std::string msg = vtr::string_fmt(
            "The following %zu nodes were found in traceback"
            " but were missing from trace_nodes: %s\n",
            missing_from_trace_nodes.size(),
            vtr::join(missing_from_trace_nodes, ", ").c_str());

        VPR_FATAL_ERROR(VPR_ERROR_ROUTE, msg.c_str());
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

// True if router will use a lookahead.
//
// This controls whether the router lookahead cache will be primed outside of
// the router ScopedStartFinishTimer.
bool router_needs_lookahead(enum e_router_algorithm router_algorithm) {
    switch (router_algorithm) {
        case BREADTH_FIRST:
            return false;
        case TIMING_DRIVEN:
            return true;
        default:
            VPR_FATAL_ERROR(VPR_ERROR_ROUTE, "Unknown routing algorithm %d",
                            router_algorithm);
    }
}